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Rhai scripts for the Apollo Router

Add custom functionality directly to your router


You can customize the Apollo 's behavior with scripts that use the Rhai scripting language. Rhai is ideal for performing common scripting tasks (manipulating strings, processing headers, etc.) in a Rust-based project.

To start familiarizing yourself with Rhai, see the language reference and some basic syntax examples.

Your Rhai scripts can hook into multiple stages of the Apollo 's request-handling lifecycle.

Use cases

Common use cases for Apollo Rhai scripts include:

  • Modifying the details of HTTP requests and responses. This includes requests sent from clients to your , along with requests sent from your router to your s. You can modify any combination of the following:
    • Request and response bodies
    • Headers
    • Status codes
    • Request context
  • Logging various information throughout the request lifecycle
  • Performing checkpoint-style short circuiting of requests

Setup

To enable Rhai scripts in your , you add the following keys to the router's YAML config file:

config.yaml
# This is a top-level key. It MUST define at least one of the two
# sub-keys shown, even if you use that subkey's default value.
rhai:
# Specify a different Rhai script directory path with this key.
# The path can be relative or absolute.
scripts: "/rhai/scripts/directory"
# Specify a different name for your "main" Rhai file with this key.
# The router looks for this filename in your Rhai script directory.
main: "test.rhai"
  1. Add the rhai top-level key to your 's YAML config file.
    • This key must contain at least one of a scripts key or a main key (see the example above).
  2. Place all of your Rhai script files in a specific directory.
    • By default, the Apollo looks in the ./rhai directory (relative to the directory the router command is executed from).
    • You can override this default with the scripts key (see above).
  3. Define a "main" Rhai file in your project.
    • This file defines all of the "entry point" hooks that the Apollo uses to call into your script.
    • By default, the Apollo looks for main.rhai in your Rhai script directory.
    • You can override this default with the main key (see above).

The main file

Your Rhai script's main file defines whichever combination of request lifecycle hooks you want to use. Here's a skeleton main.rhai file that includes all available hooks and also registers all available callbacks:

You can provide exactly one main Rhai file to the Apollo . This means that all of your customization's functionality must originate from these hook definitions.

To organize unrelated functionality within your Rhai customization, your main file can import and use symbols from any number of other Rhai files (known as modules) in your script directory:

my_module.rhai
// Module file
fn process_request(request) {
print("Supergraph service: Client request received");
}
main.rhai
// Main file
import "my_module" as my_mod;
fn process_request(request) {
my_mod::process_request(request)
}
fn supergraph_service(service) {
// Rhai convention for creating a function pointer
const request_callback = Fn("process_request");
service.map_request(request_callback);
}

Router request lifecycle

Before you build your Rhai script, it helps to understand how the Apollo handles each incoming GraphQL request. During each request's execution, different services in the communicate with each other as shown:

ClientRouterServiceSupergraphServiceExecutionServiceSubgraphService(s)Sends requestConverts raw HTTP requestto GraphQL/JSON requestInitiates queryplan executionInitiatessub-operationInitiatessub-operationInitiatessub-operationparAssembles andreturns responseReturns GraphQL/JSONresponseReturns HTTPresponseClientRouterServiceSupergraphServiceExecutionServiceSubgraphService(s)

As execution proceeds "left to right" from the RouterService to individual SubgraphServices, each service passes the client's original request along to the next service. Similarly, as execution continues "right to left" from SubgraphServices to the RouterService, each service passes the generated response for the client.

Your Rhai scripts can hook into any combination of the above services except the RouterService (which is reserved for built-in features). They can modify the request, response, and/or related metadata as they're passed along.

Service descriptions

Each Apollo service (except RouterService) has a corresponding function that a Rhai script can define to hook into that service:

Service /
Function
Description
RouterService

Reserved for built-in functionality. Runs at the very beginning and very end of the HTTP request lifecycle.

For example, JWT authentication is performed within the RouterService.

SupergraphService

supergraph_service

Runs at the very beginning and very end of the GraphQL request lifecycle.

Define supergraph_service if your customization needs to interact with the GraphQL request or the GraphQL response. For example, you can add a check for anonymous queries.

ExecutionService

execution_service

Handles initiating the execution of a query plan after it's been generated.

Define execution_service if your customization includes logic to govern execution (for example, if you want to block a particular query based on a policy decision).

SubgraphService

subgraph_service

Handles communication between the Apollo and your s.

Define subgraph_service to configure this communication (for example, to dynamically add HTTP headers to pass to a ).

Whereas other services are called once per client request, this service is called once per subgraph request that's required to resolve the client's request. Each call is passed a subgraph parameter that indicates the name of the corresponding .

Each service uses data structures for request and response data that contain:

  • A context object that was created at the start of the request and is propagated throughout the entire request lifecycle. It holds:
    • The original request from the client
    • A bag of data that can be populated by plugins for communication across the request lifecycle
  • Any other specific data to that service (e.g., query plans and downstream requests/responses)

Service callbacks

Each hook in your Rhai script's main file is passed a service object, which provides two methods: map_request and map_response. Most of the time in a hook, you use one or both of these methods to register callback functions that are called during the lifecycle of a GraphQL .

  • map_request callbacks are called in each service as execution proceeds "to the right" from the receiving a client request:

    Apollo Router
    supergraph_service
    router_service
    execution_service
    subgraph_service
    subgraph_service
    Client
    Subgraph A
    Subgraph B

    These callbacks are each passed the current state of the client's request (which might have been modified by an earlier callback in the chain). Each callback can modify this request object directly.

    Additionally, callbacks for subgraph_service can access and modify the sub- request that the will send to the corresponding via request.subgraph.

  • map_response callbacks are called in each service as execution proceeds back "to the left" from s resolving their individual sub-s:

    Apollo Router
    execution_service
    supergraph_service
    router_service
    subgraph_service
    subgraph_service
    Client
    Subgraph A
    Subgraph B

    First, callbacks for subgraph_service are each passed the response from the corresponding .

    Afterward, callbacks for execution_service, supergraph_service and then router_service are passed the combined response for the client that's assembled from all responses.

Example scripts

In addition to the examples below, see more examples in the repo's examples directory. Rhai-specific examples are listed in README.md.

Handling incoming requests

This example illustrates how to register request handling.

// At the supergraph_service stage, register callbacks for processing requests
fn supergraph_service(service) {
const request_callback = Fn("process_request"); // This is standard Rhai functionality for creating a function pointer
service.map_request(request_callback); // Register the callback
}
// Generate a log for each request
fn process_request(request) {
log_info("this is info level log message");
}

Manipulating headers and the request context

This example manipulates headers and the request context:

// At the supergraph_service stage, register callbacks for processing requests and
// responses.
fn supergraph_service(service) {
const request_callback = Fn("process_request"); // This is standard Rhai functionality for creating a function pointer
service.map_request(request_callback); // Register the request callback
const response_callback = Fn("process_response"); // This is standard Rhai functionality for creating a function pointer
service.map_response(response_callback); // Register the response callback
}
// Ensure the header is present in the request
// If an error is thrown, then the request is short-circuited to an error response
fn process_request(request) {
log_info("processing request"); // This will appear in the router log as an INFO log
// Verify that x-custom-header is present and has the expected value
if request.headers["x-custom-header"] != "CUSTOM_VALUE" {
log_error("Error: you did not provide the right custom header"); // This will appear in the router log as an ERROR log
throw "Error: you did not provide the right custom header"; // This will appear in the errors response and short-circuit the request
}
// Put the header into the context and check the context in the response
request.context["x-custom-header"] = request.headers["x-custom-header"];
}
// Ensure the header is present in the response context
// If an error is thrown, then the response is short-circuited to an error response
fn process_response(response) {
log_info("processing response"); // This will appear in the router log as an INFO log
// Verify that x-custom-header is present and has the expected value
if response.context["x-custom-header"] != "CUSTOM_VALUE" {
log_error("Error: we lost our custom header from our context"); // This will appear in the router log as an ERROR log
throw "Error: we lost our custom header from our context"; // This will appear in the errors response and short-circuit the response
}
}

Converting cookies to headers

This example converts cookies into headers for transmission to s. There is a complete working example (with tests) of this in the examples/cookies-to-headers directory.

// Call map_request with our service and pass in a string with the name
// of the function to callback
fn subgraph_service(service, subgraph) {
// Choose how to treat each subgraph using the "subgraph" parameter.
// In this case we are doing the same thing for all subgraphs
// and logging out details for each.
print(`registering request callback for: ${subgraph}`); // print() is the same as using log_info()
const request_callback = Fn("process_request");
service.map_request(request_callback);
}
// This will convert all cookie pairs into headers.
// If you only wish to convert certain cookies, you
// can add logic to modify the processing.
fn process_request(request) {
print("adding cookies as headers");
// Find our cookies
let cookies = request.headers["cookie"].split(';');
for cookie in cookies {
// Split our cookies into name and value
let k_v = cookie.split('=', 2);
if k_v.len() == 2 {
// trim off any whitespace
k_v[0].trim();
k_v[1].trim();
// update our headers
// Note: we must update subgraph.headers, since we are
// setting a header in our subgraph request
request.subgraph.headers[k_v[0]] = k_v[1];
}
}
}

Hot reloading

The "watches" your rhai.scripts directory (along with all subdirectories), and it initiates an interpreter reload whenever it detects one of the following changes:

  • Creation of a new file with a .rhai suffix
  • Modification or deletion of an existing file with a .rhai suffix

The attempts to identify any errors in your scripts before applying changes. If errors are detected, the router logs them and continues using its existing set of scripts.

Not all error types can be detected reliably! Whenever you make changes to your scripts, check your 's log output to make sure they were applied.

Limitations

Currently, Rhai scripts cannot do the following:

  • Use Rust crates
  • Execute network requests
  • Read or write to disk

If your customization needs to do any of these, you can instead use external co-processing (this is an Enterprise feature).

Global variables

The 's Rhai interface can simulate closures: https://rhai.rs/book/language/fn-closure.html

However, and this is an important restriction:

" The anonymous function syntax, however, automatically captures variables that are not defined within the current scope, but are defined in the external scope – i.e. the scope where the anonymous function is created. "

Thus it's not possible for a Rhai closure to reference a global . For example: this kind of thing might be attempted:

fn supergraph_service(service){
let f = |request| {
let v = Router.APOLLO_SDL;
print(v);
};
service.map_request(f);
}

Note: Router is a global .

That won't work and you'll get an error something like: service callback failed: Variable not found: Router (line 4, position 17)

There are two workarounds. Either:

  1. Create a local copy of the global that can be captured by the closure:
fn supergraph_service(service){
let v = Router.APOLLO_SDL;
let f = |request| {
print(v);
};
service.map_request(f);
}

Or:

  1. Use a function pointer rather than closure syntax:
fn supergraph_service(service) {
const request_callback = Fn("process_request");
service.map_request(request_callback);
}
fn process_request(request) {
print(`${Router.APOLLO_SDL}`);
}

Avoiding deadlocks

The Apollo requires that its Rhai engine implements the sync feature to guarantee data integrity within the 's multi-threading execution environment. This means that shared values within Rhai might cause a deadlock.

This is particularly risky when using closures within callbacks while referencing external data. Take particular care to avoid this kind of situation by making copies of data when required. The examples/surrogate-cache-key directory contains an example of this, where "closing over" response.headers would cause a deadlock. To avoid this, a local copy of the required data is obtained and used in the closure.

Debugging

Understanding errors

If there is a syntax error in a Rhai script, the will log an error message at startup mentioning the apollo.rhai plugin. The line number in the error message describes where the error was detected, not where the error is present. For example, if you're missing a semicolon at the end of line 10, the error will mention line 11 (once Rhai realizes the mistake).

Syntax highlighting

Syntax highlighting can make it easier to spot errors in a script. We recommend using the online Rhai playground or using VS Code with the Rhai extension.

Logging

For tracking down runtime errors, insert logging statements to narrow down the issue.

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